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2 Chronicles 33-34
New English Translation

Manasseh’s Reign

33 Manasseh was twelve years old when he became king, and he reigned for fifty-five years in Jerusalem. 2 He did evil in the sight of[a] the Lord and committed the same horrible sins practiced by the nations[b] whom the Lord drove out ahead of the Israelites. 3 He rebuilt the high places that his father Hezekiah had destroyed; he set up altars for the Baals and made Asherah poles. He bowed down to all the stars in the sky[c] and worshiped[d] them. 4 He built altars in the Lord’s temple, about which the Lord had said, “Jerusalem will be my permanent home.”[e] 5 In the two courtyards of the Lord’s temple he built altars for all the stars in the sky. 6 He passed his sons through the fire[f] in the Valley of Ben Hinnom and practiced divination, omen reading, and sorcery. He set up a ritual pit to conjure up underworld spirits and appointed magicians to supervise it.[g] He did a great amount of evil in the sight of the Lord and angered him.[h] 7 He put an idolatrous image he had made in God’s temple, about which God had said to David and to his son Solomon, “This temple in Jerusalem, which I have chosen out of all the tribes of Israel, will be my permanent home.[i] 8 I will not make Israel again leave the land I gave to their ancestors,[j] provided that they carefully obey all I commanded them, the whole law, the rules and regulations given through Moses.” 9 But Manasseh misled the people of[k] Judah and the residents of Jerusalem so that they sinned more than the nations whom the Lord had destroyed ahead of the Israelites.

10 The Lord confronted[l] Manasseh and his people, but they paid no attention. 11 So the Lord brought against them the commanders of the army of the king of Assyria. They seized Manasseh, put hooks in his nose,[m] bound him with bronze chains, and carried him away to Babylon. 12 In his pain[n] Manasseh[o] asked the Lord his God for mercy[p] and truly[q] humbled himself before the God of his ancestors.[r] 13 When he prayed to the Lord,[s] the Lord[t] responded to him[u] and answered favorably[v] his cry for mercy. The Lord[w] brought him back to Jerusalem to his kingdom. Then Manasseh realized that the Lord is the true God.

14 After this Manasseh[x] built up the outer wall of the City of David[y] on the west side of the Gihon in the valley to the entrance of the Fish Gate and all around the terrace; he made it much higher. He placed army officers in all the fortified cities in Judah.

15 He removed the foreign gods and images from the Lord’s temple and all the altars he had built on the hill of the Lord’s temple and in Jerusalem; he threw them outside the city. 16 He erected the altar of the Lord and offered on it peace offerings and thank offerings. He told the people of[z] Judah to serve the Lord God of Israel. 17 However, the people continued to offer sacrifices at the high places, but only to the Lord their God.

18 The rest of the events of Manasseh’s reign, including his prayer to his God and the words the prophets[aa] spoke to him in the name of the Lord God of Israel, are recorded[ab] in the Annals of the Kings of Israel. 19 The Annals of the Prophets include his prayer, give an account of how the Lord responded to it, record all his sins and unfaithful acts, and identify the sites where he built high places and erected Asherah poles and idols before he humbled himself.[ac] 20 Manasseh passed away[ad] and was buried in his palace. His son Amon replaced him as king.

Amon’s Reign

21 Amon was twenty-two years old when he became king, and he reigned for two years in Jerusalem. 22 He did evil in the sight of[ae] the Lord, just as his father Manasseh had done. Amon offered sacrifices to all the idols his father Manasseh had made, and worshiped[af] them. 23 He did not humble himself before the Lord as his father Manasseh had done.[ag] Amon was guilty of great sin.[ah] 24 His servants conspired against him and killed him in his palace. 25 The people of the land executed all who had conspired against King Amon, and they[ai] made his son Josiah king in his place.

Josiah Institutes Religious Reforms

34 Josiah was eight years old when he became king, and he reigned for thirty-one years in Jerusalem. 2 He did what the Lord approved[aj] and followed in his ancestor David’s footsteps;[ak] he did not deviate to the right or the left.

3 In the eighth year of his reign, while he was still young, he began to seek the God of his ancestor[al] David. In his twelfth year he began ridding[am] Judah and Jerusalem of the high places, Asherah poles, idols, and images. 4 He ordered the altars of the Baals to be torn down,[an] and broke the incense altars that were above them. He smashed the Asherah poles, idols, and images, crushed them, and sprinkled the dust over the tombs of those who had sacrificed to them. 5 He burned the bones of the pagan priests[ao] on their altars; he purified Judah and Jerusalem. 6 In the cities of Manasseh, Ephraim, and Simeon, as far as Naphtali, and in the ruins[ap] around them, 7 he tore down the altars and Asherah poles, demolished the idols, and smashed all the incense altars throughout the land of Israel. Then he returned to Jerusalem.

8 In the eighteenth year of his reign, he continued his policy of purifying the land and the temple.[aq] He sent Shaphan son of Azaliah, Maaseiah the city official, and Joah son of Joahaz the secretary to repair the temple of the Lord his God. 9 They went to Hilkiah the high priest and gave him the silver that had been brought to God’s temple. The Levites who guarded the door had collected it from the people of[ar] Manasseh and Ephraim and from all who were left in Israel, as well as from all the people of[as] Judah and Benjamin and the residents of[at] Jerusalem. 10 They handed it over to the construction foremen[au] assigned to the Lord’s temple. They in turn paid the temple workers to restore and repair it.[av] 11 They gave money to the craftsmen and builders to buy chiseled stone and wood for the braces and rafters of the buildings that the kings of Judah had allowed to fall into disrepair.[aw] 12 The men worked faithfully. Their supervisors were Jahath and Obadiah (Levites descended from Merari), as well as Zechariah and Meshullam (descendants of Kohath). The Levites, all of whom were skilled musicians, 13 supervised the laborers and all the foremen on their various jobs.[ax] Some of the Levites were scribes, officials, and guards.

14 When they took out the silver that had been brought to the Lord’s temple, Hilkiah the priest found the law scroll the Lord had given to Moses. 15 Hilkiah informed Shaphan the scribe, “I found the law scroll in the Lord’s temple.” Hilkiah gave the scroll to Shaphan. 16 Shaphan brought the scroll to the king and reported,[ay] “Your servants are doing everything assigned to them. 17 They melted down the silver in the Lord’s temple[az] and handed it over to the supervisors and the construction foremen.” 18 Then Shaphan the scribe told the king, “Hilkiah the priest has given me a scroll.” Shaphan read it out loud before the king. 19 When the king heard the words of the law, he tore his clothes. 20 The king ordered Hilkiah, Ahikam son of Shaphan, Abdon son of Micah,[ba] Shaphan the scribe, and Asaiah the king’s servant, 21 “Go, ask the Lord[bb] for me and for those who remain in Israel and Judah about the words of this scroll that has been discovered. For the Lord’s great fury has been ignited[bc] against us, because our ancestors did not obey the word of the Lord by living[bd] according to all that is written in this scroll.”

22 So Hilkiah and the others sent by the king[be] went to Huldah the prophetess, the wife of Shallum son of Tokhath, the son of Hasrah,[bf] the supervisor of the wardrobe.[bg] (She lived in Jerusalem in the Mishneh[bh] district.) They stated their business,[bi] 23 and she said to them: “This is what the Lord God of Israel says: ‘Say this to the man who sent you to me: 24 “This is what the Lord says: ‘I am about to bring disaster on this place and its residents, all the curses that are recorded in the scroll which they read before the king of Judah. 25 This will happen because they have abandoned me and offered sacrifices[bj] to other gods, angering me with all the idols they have made.[bk] My anger will ignite against this place and will not be extinguished!’” 26 Say this to the king of Judah, who sent you to seek an oracle from the Lord: “This is what the Lord God of Israel says concerning the words you have heard: 27 ‘You displayed a sensitive spirit[bl] and humbled yourself before God when you heard his words concerning this place and its residents. You humbled yourself before me, tore your clothes and wept before me, and I have heard you,’ says the Lord. 28 ‘Therefore I will allow you to die and be buried in peace.[bm] You will not have to witness all the disaster I will bring on this place and its residents.’”’” Then they reported back to the king.

29 The king summoned all the leaders of Judah and Jerusalem.[bn] 30 The king went up to the Lord’s temple, accompanied by all the people of Judah, the residents of Jerusalem, the priests, and the Levites. All the people were there, from the oldest to the youngest. He read aloud all the words of the scroll of the covenant that had been discovered in the Lord’s temple. 31 The king stood by his pillar[bo] and renewed[bp] the covenant before the Lord, agreeing to follow[bq] the Lord and to obey his commandments, laws, and rules with all his heart and being,[br] by carrying out the terms[bs] of this covenant recorded on this scroll. 32 He made all who were in Jerusalem and Benjamin agree to it.[bt] The residents of Jerusalem acted in accordance with the covenant of God, the God of their ancestors. 33 Josiah removed all the detestable idols from all the areas belonging to the Israelites and encouraged[bu] all who were in Israel to worship the Lord their God. Throughout the rest of his reign[bv] they did not turn aside from following the Lord God of their ancestors.

Footnotes

  1. 2 Chronicles 33:2 tn Heb “in the eyes of.”
  2. 2 Chronicles 33:2 tn Heb “like the abominable practices of the nations.”
  3. 2 Chronicles 33:3 tn The phrase כָל צְבָא הֲַשָּׁמַיִם (khol tsevaʾ hashamayim), traditionally translated “all the host of heaven,” refers to the heavenly lights, including stars and planets. In 1 Kgs 22:19 these heavenly bodies are pictured as members of the Lord’s royal court or assembly, but many other texts view them as the illegitimate objects of pagan and Israelite worship.
  4. 2 Chronicles 33:3 tn Or “served.”
  5. 2 Chronicles 33:4 tn Heb “In Jerusalem my name will be permanently.”
  6. 2 Chronicles 33:6 tn Or “he sacrificed his sons in the fire.” This may refer to child sacrifice, though some interpret it as a less drastic cultic practice (NEB, NASB “made his sons pass through the fire”; NIV “sacrificed his sons in the fire”; NRSV “made his sons pass through fire”). For discussion see M. Cogan and H. Tadmor, II Kings (AB), 266-67.
  7. 2 Chronicles 33:6 tn Heb “and he set up a ritual pit, along with a conjurer.” Hebrew אוֹב (ʾov, “ritual pit”) refers to a pit used by a magician to conjure up underworld spirits. In 1 Sam 28:7 the witch of Endor is called a בַּעֲלַת אוֹב (baʿalat ʾov, “owner of a ritual pit”). See H. Hoffner, “Second Millennium Antecedents to the Hebrew ʾÔḆ,” JBL 86 (1967): 385-401.
  8. 2 Chronicles 33:6 tn Heb “and he multiplied doing what is evil in the eyes of the Lord, angering him.”
  9. 2 Chronicles 33:7 tn Heb “In this house and in Jerusalem, which I chose from all the tribes of Israel, I will place my name permanently” (or perhaps “forever”).
  10. 2 Chronicles 33:8 tn Heb “I will not again make the feet of Israel wander from the land which I established for their fathers.”
  11. 2 Chronicles 33:9 tn Heb “misled Judah.” The words “the people of” are supplied in the translation for clarity. The Hebrew text uses the name “Judah” here by metonymy for the people of Judah.
  12. 2 Chronicles 33:10 tn Heb “spoke to.”
  13. 2 Chronicles 33:11 tn Heb “and they seized him with hooks.”
  14. 2 Chronicles 33:12 tn Or “distress.”
  15. 2 Chronicles 33:12 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Manasseh) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  16. 2 Chronicles 33:12 tn Heb “appeased the face of the Lord his God.”
  17. 2 Chronicles 33:12 tn Or “greatly.”
  18. 2 Chronicles 33:12 tn Heb “fathers.”
  19. 2 Chronicles 33:13 tn Heb “him”; the referent (the Lord) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  20. 2 Chronicles 33:13 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the Lord) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  21. 2 Chronicles 33:13 tn Heb “was entreated by him,” or “allowed himself to be entreated by him.”
  22. 2 Chronicles 33:13 tn Heb “heard.”
  23. 2 Chronicles 33:13 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the Lord) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  24. 2 Chronicles 33:14 tn Heb “he”; the referent (Manasseh) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  25. 2 Chronicles 33:14 sn The phrase the City of David refers here to the fortress of Zion in Jerusalem, not to Bethlehem. See 2 Sam 5:7.
  26. 2 Chronicles 33:16 tn Heb “told Judah.” The words “the people of” are supplied in the translation for clarity. The Hebrew text uses the name “Judah” here by metonymy for the people of Judah.
  27. 2 Chronicles 33:18 tn Or “seers.”
  28. 2 Chronicles 33:18 tn Heb “look, they are.”
  29. 2 Chronicles 33:19 tn Heb “and his prayer and being entreated by him, and all his sin and his unfaithfulness and the places where he built high places and set up Asherah poles and idols before he humbled himself—behold, they are written on the words of his seers.”
  30. 2 Chronicles 33:20 tn Heb “lay down with his fathers.”
  31. 2 Chronicles 33:22 tn Heb “in the eyes of.”
  32. 2 Chronicles 33:22 tn Or “served.”
  33. 2 Chronicles 33:23 tn Heb “as Manasseh his father had humbled himself.”
  34. 2 Chronicles 33:23 tn Heb “for he, Amon, multiplied guilt.”
  35. 2 Chronicles 33:25 tn Heb “and the people of the land.”
  36. 2 Chronicles 34:2 tn Heb “he did what was proper in the eyes of the Lord.”
  37. 2 Chronicles 34:2 tn Heb “and walked in the ways of David his father.”
  38. 2 Chronicles 34:3 tn Heb “father.”
  39. 2 Chronicles 34:3 tn Heb “purifying.”
  40. 2 Chronicles 34:4 tn Heb “and they tore down before him the altars of the Baals.”
  41. 2 Chronicles 34:5 tn Heb “the priests”; the qualifying adjective “pagan” has been supplied in the translation for clarity.
  42. 2 Chronicles 34:6 tn “In their ruins” is the marginal reading (Qere) of the Hebrew text.
  43. 2 Chronicles 34:8 tn Heb “to purify the land and the house.”
  44. 2 Chronicles 34:9 tn Heb “from Manasseh and Ephraim.” The words “the people of” are supplied in the translation for clarity. The Hebrew text uses the names “Manasseh and Ephraim” here by metonymy for the people of Manasseh and Ephraim.
  45. 2 Chronicles 34:9 tn Heb “all Judah and Benjamin.” The words “the people of” are supplied in the translation for clarity. The Hebrew text uses the names “Judah and Benjamin” here by metonymy for the people of Judah and Benjamin.
  46. 2 Chronicles 34:9 tc The Hebrew consonantal text (Kethib) assumes the reading, “and the residents of.” The marginal reading (Qere) is “and they returned.”
  47. 2 Chronicles 34:10 tn Heb “doer[s] of the work.”
  48. 2 Chronicles 34:10 tn Heb “and they gave it to the doers of the work who were working in the house of the Lord to restore and to repair the house.”
  49. 2 Chronicles 34:11 tn Heb “of the houses that the kings of Judah had destroyed.”
  50. 2 Chronicles 34:13 tn Heb “[were] over the laborers and were directing every doer of work for work assignment and work assignment.”
  51. 2 Chronicles 34:16 tn Heb “returned still the king a word, saying.”
  52. 2 Chronicles 34:17 tn Heb “that was found in the house of the Lord.”
  53. 2 Chronicles 34:20 tn The parallel account in 2 Kgs 22:12 has the variant spelling “Achbor son of Micaiah.”
  54. 2 Chronicles 34:21 sn The implication is to seek a prophetic oracle.
  55. 2 Chronicles 34:21 tc The MT reads נִתְּכָה (nittekah, “has gushed forth”) but the LXX implies נִצְתָה (nitsetah, “has been ignited”).
  56. 2 Chronicles 34:21 tn Heb “doing.”
  57. 2 Chronicles 34:22 tn Heb “and those who [were sent by] the king.”
  58. 2 Chronicles 34:22 tn The parallel account in 2 Kgs 22:14 has the variant spelling “son of Tikvah, the son of Harhas.”
  59. 2 Chronicles 34:22 tn Heb “the keeper of the clothes.”
  60. 2 Chronicles 34:22 tn Or “second.” For a discussion of the possible location of this district, see M. Cogan and H. Tadmor, II Kings (AB), 283.
  61. 2 Chronicles 34:22 tn Heb “and they spoke to her like this.”
  62. 2 Chronicles 34:25 tn Or “burned incense.”
  63. 2 Chronicles 34:25 tn Heb “angering me with all the work of their hands.” The present translation assumes this refers to idols they have manufactured (note the preceding reference to “other gods”). However, it is possible that this is a general reference to their sinful practices, in which case one might translate, “angering me by all the things they do.”
  64. 2 Chronicles 34:27 tn Heb “Because your heart was tender.”
  65. 2 Chronicles 34:28 tn Heb “Therefore, behold, I am gathering you to your fathers, and you will be gathered to your tomb in peace.”
  66. 2 Chronicles 34:29 tn Heb “and the king sent and gathered all the elders of Judah and Jerusalem.”
  67. 2 Chronicles 34:31 tc This assumes an emendation to עַמּוּדוֹ (ʿammudo), see 23:13. The MT reads “at his place.”
  68. 2 Chronicles 34:31 tn Heb “cut,” that is, “made” or “agreed to.”
  69. 2 Chronicles 34:31 tn Heb “walk after.”
  70. 2 Chronicles 34:31 tn Or “soul.”
  71. 2 Chronicles 34:31 tn Heb “words.”
  72. 2 Chronicles 34:32 tn Heb “and he caused to stand everyone who was found in Jerusalem and Benjamin.”
  73. 2 Chronicles 34:33 tn Or “caused, forced.”
  74. 2 Chronicles 34:33 tn Heb “All his days.”
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