Footnotes

1. Ezekiel 25:2 tn Heb “set your face toward.”
2. Ezekiel 25:2 tn Heb “the sons of Ammon.” Ammon was located to the east of Israel.
3. Ezekiel 25:4 tn The word הִנֵּה (hinneh, traditionally “behold”) indicates being aware of or taking notice of something and has been translated here with a verb (so also throughout the chapter).
4. Ezekiel 25:4 tn Heb “Look, I am about to give you for a possession to.”
5. Ezekiel 25:4 tn Heb “sons.”
6. Ezekiel 25:5 tn Heb “the sons of Ammon.”
7. Ezekiel 25:6 tn Heb “with all your scorn in (the) soul.”
8. Ezekiel 25:7 tc The translation here follows the Qere reading: בַּז (baz, “spoil, plunder”). The Kethib reading of the consonantal text, בַּג (bag), is not a word.
9. Ezekiel 25:8 sn Moab was located immediately south of Ammon.
10. Ezekiel 25:9 tn Heb “shoulder.”
11. Ezekiel 25:9 tn Heb “from the cities.” The verb “eliminating” has been added in the translation to reflect the privative use of the preposition (see BDB 583 s.v. מִן 7.b).
12. Ezekiel 25:9 tn Heb “from its cities, from its end.”
13. Ezekiel 25:10 tn Heb “I will give it for a possession.”
14. Ezekiel 25:10 tn Heb “the sons of Ammon” (twice in this verse).
15. Ezekiel 25:10 tn Heb “the sons.”
16. Ezekiel 25:12 sn Edom was located south of Moab.
17. Ezekiel 25:12 tn Heb “and they have become guilty, becoming guilty.” The infinitive absolute following the finite verb makes the statement emphatic and draws attention to the degree of guilt incurred by Edom due to its actions.
18. Ezekiel 25:12 tn Heb “and they have taken vengeance.”
19. Ezekiel 25:12 sn Edom apparently in some way assisted in the destruction of Jerusalem in 587/6 b.c. (Ps 137:7; Lam 4:21, 22; Joel 3:19; Obadiah).
20. Ezekiel 25:13 tn Heb “and I will cut off from her man and beast.”
21. Ezekiel 25:13 tn Heb “fall.”
22. Ezekiel 25:14 tn Heb “know.”
23. Ezekiel 25:15 sn The Philistines inhabited the coastal plain by the Mediterranean Sea, west of Judah.
24. Ezekiel 25:15 tn Heb “have acted with vengeance and taken vengeance with vengeance.” The repetition emphasizes the degree of vengeance which they exhibited, presumably toward Judah.
25. Ezekiel 25:15 tn Heb “with scorn in (the) soul.”
26. Ezekiel 25:15 tn The object is not specified in the Hebrew text, but has been clarified as “Judah” in the translation.
27. Ezekiel 25:15 tn Heb “to destroy (with) perpetual hostility.” Joel 3:4-8 also speaks of the Philistines taking advantage of the fall of Judah.
28. Ezekiel 25:16 tn In Hebrew the verb “and I will cut off” sounds like its object, “the Kerethites,” and draws attention to the statement.
29. Ezekiel 25:16 sn This is a name for the Philistines, many of whom migrated to Palestine from Crete.
30. Ezekiel 25:17 tn Heb “with acts of punishment of anger.”
31. Ezekiel 26:1 tc Date formulae typically include the month. According to D. I. Block (Ezekiel [NICOT], 2:34, n. 27) some emend to “in the twelfth year in the eleventh month,” relying partially on the copy of the LXX from Alexandrinus, where Albright suggested that “eleventh month” may have dropped out due to haplography.sn April 23, 587 b.c.
32. Ezekiel 26:2 sn Tyre was located on the Mediterranean coast north of Israel.
33. Ezekiel 26:2 tn Heb “I will be filled.”
34. Ezekiel 26:2 sn That is, Jerusalem.
35. Ezekiel 26:3 tn The word הִנֵּה (hinneh, traditionally “behold”) draws attention to something and has been translated here as a verb.
36. Ezekiel 26:3 tn Or “I challenge you.” The phrase “I am against you” may be a formula for challenging someone to combat or a duel. See D. I. Block, Ezekiel (NICOT), 1:201-2, and P. Humbert, “Die Herausforderungsformel ‘hinnenî ’êlékâ’” ZAW 45 (1933): 101-8.
37. Ezekiel 26:4 tn Or “debris.”
38. Ezekiel 26:6 sn That is, the towns located inland that were under Tyre’s rule.
39. Ezekiel 26:7 tn The word הִנֵּה (hinneh, traditionally “behold”) draws attention to something.
40. Ezekiel 26:7 tn Heb “Nebuchadrezzar” is a variant and more correct spelling of Nebuchadnezzar, as the Babylonian name Nabu-kudurri-uṣur has an an “r” rather than an “n.”
41. Ezekiel 26:9 tn Heb “swords.”
42. Ezekiel 26:10 tn Heb “From the abundance of his horses he will cover you (with) their dust.”
43. Ezekiel 26:10 tn Heb “like those who enter a breached city.”
44. Ezekiel 26:12 tn Heb “desirable.”
45. Ezekiel 26:12 tn Heb “set.”
46. Ezekiel 26:12 tn Heb “into the midst of the water.”
47. Ezekiel 26:13 tn Heb “cause to end.”
48. Ezekiel 26:14 sn This prophecy was fulfilled by Alexander the Great in 332 b.c.
49. Ezekiel 26:16 tn Heb “descend from.”
50. Ezekiel 26:16 tn Heb “and they will be astonished over you.”
51. Ezekiel 26:17 tn Heb “and they will lift up over you a lament and they will say to you.”
52. Ezekiel 26:17 tn Heb “O inhabitant.” The translation follows the LXX and understands a different Hebrew verb, meaning “cease,” behind the consonantal text. See L. C. Allen, Ezekiel [WBC], 2:72, and D. I. Block, Ezekiel (NICOT), 2:43.
53. Ezekiel 26:17 tn Heb “she and her inhabitants who placed their terror to all her inhabitants.” The relationship of the final prepositional phrase to what precedes is unclear. The preposition probably has a specifying function here, drawing attention to Tyre’s inhabitants as the source of the terror mentioned prior to this. In this case, one might paraphrase verse 17b: “she and her inhabitants, who spread their terror; yes, her inhabitants (were the source of this terror).”
54. Ezekiel 26:18 tn Heb “from your going out.”
55. Ezekiel 26:19 tn Heb “many.”
56. Ezekiel 26:20 tn Heb “to the people of antiquity.”
57. Ezekiel 26:20 tn Heb “like.” The translation assumes an emendation of the preposition כ (kaf, “like”) to ב (bet, “in, among”).
58. Ezekiel 26:20 tn Heb “and I will place beauty.” This reading makes little sense; many, following the lead of the LXX, emend the text to read: “nor will you stand,” with the negative particle before the preceding verb understood by ellipsis; see L. C. Allen, Ezekiel (WBC), 2:73. D. I. Block (Ezekiel [NICOT], 2:47) offers another alternative, taking the apparent first person verb form as an archaic second feminine form and translating “nor radiate splendor.”
59. Ezekiel 27:2 tn Heb “lift up over Tyre a lament.”
60. Ezekiel 27:3 tn Heb “entrances.” The plural noun may reflect the fact that Tyre had two main harbors.
61. Ezekiel 27:3 sn Rome, another economic power, is described in a similar way in Rev 17:1.
62. Ezekiel 27:4 tn The city of Tyre is described in the following account as a merchant ship.
63. Ezekiel 27:5 tn Heb “built.”
64. Ezekiel 27:5 tn Perhaps the hull or deck. The term is dual, so perhaps it refers to a double-decked ship.
65. Ezekiel 27:6 tn Or “hull.”
66. Ezekiel 27:6 tc The Hebrew reads, “Your deck they made ivory, daughter of Assyria.” The syntactically difficult “ivory” is understood here as dittography and omitted, though some construe this to refer to ivory inlays. “Daughter of Assyria” is understood here as improper word division, and the vowels are repointed as “cypresses” and translated as “cypress wood.”
67. Ezekiel 27:6 tn Heb “from the coastlands (or islands) of Kittim,” generally understood to be a reference to the island of Cyprus, where the Phoenicians had a trading colony on the southeast coast.
68. Ezekiel 27:7 sn This is probably a reference to Cyprus.
69. Ezekiel 27:8 tc The MT reads, “the residents of”; the LXX reads, “your rulers who dwell in.” With no apparent reason for the LXX to add “the rulers,” many suppose something has dropped out of the Hebrew text. While more than one may be possible, Allen’s proposal, positing a word meaning “elders,” is the most likely to explain the omission in the MT from a graphic standpoint and also provides a parallel to the beginning of v. 9. See L. C. Allen, Ezekiel (WBC), 2:81.
70. Ezekiel 27:8 sn Sidon and Arvad, like Tyre, were Phoenician coastal cities.
71. Ezekiel 27:8 tn Or “wise.”
72. Ezekiel 27:9 sn Another Phoenician coastal city located between Sidon and Arvad.
73. Ezekiel 27:9 tn Heb “strengthening damages.” Here “to strengthen” means to repair. The word for “damages” occurs several times in 1 Kgs 12 about some type of damage to the temple, which may have referred to or included cracks. Since the context describes Tyre in its glory, we do not expect this reference to damages to be of significant scale, even if there are repairmen. This may refer to using pitch to seal the seams of the ship, which had to be done periodically and could be considered routine maintenance rather than repair of damage.
74. Ezekiel 27:9 sn The reference to “all the ships of the sea…within you” suggests that the metaphor is changing; previously Tyre had been described as a magnificent ship, but now the description shifts back to an actual city. The “ships of the sea” were within Tyre’s harbor. Verse 11 refers to “walls” and “towers” of the city.
75. Ezekiel 27:10 sn See Gen 10:22.
76. Ezekiel 27:11 tn Heb “sons of Arvad.”
77. Ezekiel 27:11 sn The identity of the Gammadites is uncertain.
78. Ezekiel 27:11 tn See note on “quivers” in Jer 51:11 on the meaning of Hebrew שֶׁלֶט (shelet) and also M. Greenberg, Ezekiel (AB), 2:553.
79. Ezekiel 27:12 sn Tarshish refers to a distant seaport sometimes believed to be located in southern Spain (others identified it as Carthage in North Africa). In any event it represents here a distant, rich, and exotic port that was a trading partner of Tyre.
80. Ezekiel 27:14 tn The way in which these horses may have been distinguished from other horses is unknown. Cf. ASV “war-horses” (NASB, NIV, NRSV, CEV are all similar); NLT “chariot horses.”
81. Ezekiel 27:15 tn Heb “sons of Dedan.”
82. Ezekiel 27:15 tn Heb “they returned as your gift.”
83. Ezekiel 27:16 tc Many Hebrew mss, Aquila’s Greek translation, and the Syriac version read “Edom.” The LXX reads “man,” a translation that assumes the same consonants as Edom. This reading is supported from the context as the text deals with Damascus, the capital of Syria (Aram), later (in v. 18).
84. Ezekiel 27:17 sn The location is mentioned in Judg 11:33.
85. Ezekiel 27:19 tc The MT leaves v. 18 as an incomplete sentence and begins v. 19 with “and Dan and Javan [Ionia] from Uzal.” The LXX mentions “wine.” The translation follows an emendation assuming some confusions of vav and yod. See L. C. Allen, Ezekiel (WBC), 2:82.
86. Ezekiel 27:19 sn According to L. C. Allen (Ezekiel [WBC], 2:82), Izal was located between Haran and the Tigris and was famous for its wine.
87. Ezekiel 27:25 tn Or perhaps “Large merchant ships.” The expression “ships of Tarshish” may describe a class of vessel, that is, large oceangoing merchant ships.
88. Ezekiel 27:27 tn Heb “your repairers of damage.” See v. 9.
89. Ezekiel 27:28 tn Compare this phrase to Isa 57:20 and Amos 8:8. See M. Greenberg, Ezekiel (AB), 2:561.
90. Ezekiel 27:30 tn Heb “make heard over you with their voice.”
91. Ezekiel 27:30 tn Note a similar expression to “roll in the ashes” in Mic 1:10.
92. Ezekiel 27:31 tn Heb “and they will weep concerning you with bitterness of soul, (with) bitter mourning.”
93. Ezekiel 27:32 tn As it stands, the meaning of the Hebrew text is unclear. The translation follows the suggestion of M. Dahood, “Accadian-Ugaritic dmt in Ezekiel 27:32, ” Bib 45 (1964): 83-84. Several other explanations and emendations have been offered. See L. C. Allen, Ezekiel (WBC), 2:83, and D. I. Block, Ezekiel (NICOT), 2:85-86, for a list of options.
94. Ezekiel 27:34 tn Heb “fallen.”
95. Ezekiel 27:34 tn Heb “in the midst of you.”
96. Ezekiel 28:2 tn Or “ruler” (NIV, NCV).
97. Ezekiel 28:2 tn Heb “lifted up.” sn See Prov 16:5.
98. Ezekiel 28:2 tn Or “I am divine.”
99. Ezekiel 28:2 tn Heb “and you made your heart/mind (לֵב, lev) like the heart/mind of gods.”
100. Ezekiel 28:3 sn Or perhaps “Danel” (so TEV), referring to a ruler known from Canaanite legend. See the note on “Daniel” in 14:14. A reference to Danel (preserved in legend at Ugarit, near the northern end of the Phoenician coast) makes more sense here when addressing Tyre than in 14:14.
101. Ezekiel 28:3 sn The tone here is sarcastic, reflecting the ruler’s view of himself.
102. Ezekiel 28:5 tn Or “wisdom.”
103. Ezekiel 28:6 tn Heb “because of your making your heart like the heart of gods.”
104. Ezekiel 28:7 sn This is probably a reference to the Babylonians.
105. Ezekiel 28:7 tn Heb “they will draw their swords against the beauty of your wisdom.”
106. Ezekiel 28:8 tn Heb “you will die the death of the slain.”
107. Ezekiel 28:10 sn The Phoenicians practiced circumcision, so the language here must be figurative, indicating that they would be treated in a disgraceful manner. Uncircumcised peoples were viewed as inferior and unclean. See 31:18 and 32:17-32, as well as the discussion in D. I. Block, Ezekiel (NICOT), 2:99.
108. Ezekiel 28:12 tn Heb “lift up.”
109. Ezekiel 28:12 tn For a discussion of possible nuances of this phrase, see M. Greenberg, Ezekiel (AB), 2:580-81.
110. Ezekiel 28:13 sn The imagery of the lament appears to draw upon an extrabiblical Eden tradition about the expulsion of the first man (see v. 14 and the note there) from the garden due to his pride. The biblical Eden tradition speaks of cherubim placed as guardians at the garden entrance following the sin of Adam and Eve (Gen 3:24), but no guardian cherub like the one described in verse 14 is depicted or mentioned in the biblical account. Ezekiel’s imagery also appears to reflect Mesopotamian and Canaanite mythology at certain points. See D. I. Block, Ezekiel (NICOT), 2:119-20.
111. Ezekiel 28:13 tn The exact identification of each gemstone is uncertain. The list should be compared to that of the priest in Exod 28:17-20, which lists twelve stones in rows of three. The LXX apparently imports the Exod 28 list. See reference to the types of stones in L. C. Allen, Ezekiel (WBC), 2:91.
112. Ezekiel 28:14 tn Or “winged”; see L. C. Allen, Ezekiel (WBC), 2:91.
113. Ezekiel 28:14 tn The meaning of this phrase in Hebrew is uncertain. The word translated here “guards” occurs in Exod 25:20 in reference to the cherubim “covering” the ark.
114. Ezekiel 28:14 tn Heb “you (were) an anointed cherub that covers, and I placed you.” In the Hebrew text the ruler of Tyre is equated with a cherub, and the verb “I placed you” is taken with what follows (“on the holy mountain of God”). However, this reading is problematic. The pronoun “you” at the beginning of verse 14 is feminine singular in the Hebrew text; elsewhere in this passage the ruler of Tyre is addressed with masculine singular forms. It is possible that the pronoun is a rare (see Deut 5:24; Num 11:15) or defectively written (see 1 Sam 24:19; Neh 9:6; Job 1:10; Ps 6:3; Eccl 7:22) masculine form, but it is more likely that the form should be repointed as the preposition “with” (see the LXX). In this case the ruler of Tyre is compared to the first man, not to a cherub. If this emendation is accepted, then the verb “I placed you” belongs with what precedes and concludes the first sentence in the verse. It is noteworthy that the verbs in the second and third lines of the verse also appear at the end of the sentence in the Hebrew text. The presence of a conjunction at the beginning of “I placed you” is problematic for the proposal, but it may reflect a later misunderstanding of the syntax of the verse. For a defense of the proposed emendation, see L. C. Allen, Ezekiel (WBC), 2:91.
115. Ezekiel 28:15 tn Heb “ways.”
116. Ezekiel 28:16 tn Heb “they filled your midst with violence.”
117. Ezekiel 28:16 tn Heb “I defiled you.” The presence of the preposition “from” following the verb indicates that a verb of motion is implied as well. See L. C. Allen, Ezekiel (WBC), 2:91.
118. Ezekiel 28:16 tn Heb “and I expelled you, O guardian cherub.” The Hebrew text takes the verb as first person and understands “guardian cherub” as a vocative, in apposition to the pronominal suffix on the verb. However, if the emendation in verse 14a is accepted (see the note above), then one may follow the LXX here as well and emend the verb to a third person perfect. In this case the subject of the verb is the guardian cherub. See L. C. Allen, Ezekiel (WBC), 2:91.
119. Ezekiel 28:21 tn Heb “set your face against.”
120. Ezekiel 28:21 sn Sidon was located 25 miles north of Tyre.
121. Ezekiel 28:22 tn Or “I challenge you.” The phrase “I am against you” may be a formula for challenging someone to combat or a duel. See D. I. Block, Ezekiel (NICOT), 1:201-2, and P. Humbert, “Die Herausforderungsformel ‘hinnenî ’êlékâ’” ZAW 45 (1933): 101-8.
122. Ezekiel 28:22 tn Or “reveal my holiness.” God’s “holiness” is fundamentally his transcendence as sovereign ruler of the world. The revelation of his authority and power through judgment is in view in this context.
123. Ezekiel 28:23 tn Heb “into it”; the referent of the feminine pronoun has been specified in the translation for clarity.
124. Ezekiel 28:23 tn Heb “by a sword against it.”
125. Ezekiel 28:24 sn Similar language is used in reference to Israel’s adversaries in Num 33:55 and Josh 23:13.
126. Ezekiel 28:24 tn Heb “and there will not be for the house of Israel a brier that pricks and a thorn that inflicts pain from all the ones who surround them, the ones who scorn them.”
127. Ezekiel 28:25 tn Or “reveal my holiness.” See verse 22.
128. Ezekiel 28:26 sn This promise was given in Lev 25:18-19.