Isaiah 23-27
Contemporary English Version
The City of Tyre Will Be Punished
23 (A) This is a message from distant islands about the city of Tyre:[a]
Cry, you seagoing ships![b]
Tyre and its houses
lie in ruins.[c]
2 Mourn in silence,
you shop owners of Sidon,[d]
you people on the coast.
Your sailors crossed oceans,
making your city rich.
3 Your merchants sailed the seas,
making you wealthy by trading
with nation after nation.
They brought back grain
that grew along the Nile.[e]
4 Sidon, you are a mighty fortress
built along the sea.
But you will be disgraced
like a married woman
who never had children.[f]
5 When Egypt hears about Tyre,
it will tremble.
6 All of you along the coast
had better cry and sail
far across the ocean.[g]
7 Can this be the happy city
that has stood for centuries?
Its people have spread
to distant lands;
8 its merchants were kings
honored all over the world.
Who planned to destroy Tyre?
9 The Lord All-Powerful planned it
to bring shame and disgrace
to those who are honored
by everyone on earth.
10 People of Tyre,[h]
your harbor is destroyed!
You will have to become farmers
just like the Egyptians.[i]
Tyre Will Be Forgotten
11 The Lord's hand has reached
across the sea,
upsetting the nations.
He has given a command
to destroy fortresses
in the land of Canaan.
12 The Lord has said
to the people of Sidon,
“Your celebrating is over—
you are crushed.
Even if you escape to Cyprus,
you won't find peace.”
13 Look what the Assyrians have done to Babylonia! They have attacked, destroying every palace in the land. Now wild animals live among the ruins.[j] 14 Not a fortress will be left standing, so tell all the seagoing ships[k] to mourn.
15 The city of Tyre will be forgotten for 70 years, which is the lifetime of a king. Then Tyre will be like that evil woman in the song:
16 You're gone and forgotten,
you evil woman!
So strut through the town,
singing and playing
your favorite tune
to be remembered again.
17 At the end of those 70 years, the Lord will let Tyre get back into business. The city will be like a woman who sells her body to everyone of every nation on earth, 18 but none of what is earned will be kept in the city. That money will belong to the Lord, and it will be used to buy more than enough food and good clothes for those who worship the Lord.
The Earth Will Be Punished
24 The Lord is going to twist the earth out of shape and turn it into a desert. Everyone will be scattered, 2 including ordinary people and priests, slaves and slave owners, buyers and sellers, lenders and borrowers, the rich and the poor. 3 The earth will be stripped bare and left that way. This is what the Lord has promised.
4 The earth wilts away;
its mighty leaders melt
to nothing.[l]
5 The earth is polluted
because its people
disobeyed the laws of God,
breaking their agreement
that was to last forever.
6 The earth is under a curse;
its people are dying out
because of their sins.
7 Grapevines have dried up:
wine is almost gone—
mournful sounds are heard
instead of joyful shouts.
8 No one plays tambourines
or stringed instruments;
all noisy celebrating
has come to an end.
9 They no longer sing
as they drink their wine,
and it tastes sour.
10 Towns are crushed and in chaos;
houses are locked tight.
11 Happy times have disappeared
from the earth,
and people shout in the streets,
“We're out of wine!”
12 Cities are destroyed;
their gates are torn down.
13 Nations will be stripped bare,
like olive trees or vineyards
after the harvest season.
Praise the God of Justice
14 People in the west shout;
they joyfully praise
the majesty of the Lord.
15 And so, everyone in the east
and those on the islands
should praise the Lord,
the God of Israel.
16 From all over the world
songs of praise are heard
for the God of justice.[m]
But I feel awful,
terribly miserable.
Can anyone be trusted?
So many are treacherous!
There's No Escape
17 Terror, traps, and pits
are waiting for everyone.
18 If you are terrified and run,
you will fall into a pit;
if you crawl out of the pit,
you will get caught in a trap.
The sky has split apart
like a window thrown open.
The foundations of the earth
have been shaken;
19 the earth is shattered,
ripped to pieces.
20 It staggers and shakes
like a drunkard
or a hut in a windstorm.
It is burdened down with sin;
the earth will fall,
never again to get up.
21 On that day the Lord
will punish the powers
in the heavens[n]
and the kings of the earth.
22 He will put them in a pit
and keep them prisoner.
Then later on,
he will punish them.
23 Both the moon and sun will
be embarrassed and ashamed.
The Lord All-Powerful will rule
on Mount Zion in Jerusalem,
where he will show its rulers
his wonderful glory.
A Prayer of Thanks to God
25 You, Lord, are my God!
I will praise you
for doing the wonderful things
you had planned and promised
since ancient times.
2 You have destroyed the fortress
of our enemies,
leaving their city in ruins.
Nothing in that foreign city
will ever be rebuilt.
3 Now strong and cruel nations
will fear and honor you.
4 You have been a place of safety
for the poor and needy
in times of trouble.
Brutal enemies pounded us
like a heavy rain
or the heat of the sun at noon,
but you were our shelter.
5 Those wild foreigners struck
like scorching desert heat.
But you were like a cloud,
protecting us from the sun.
You kept our enemies from singing
songs of victory.
The Lord Has Saved Us
6 On this mountain
the Lord All-Powerful
will prepare for all nations
a feast of the finest foods.
Choice wines and the best meats
will be served.
7 Here the Lord will strip away
the burial clothes
that cover the nations.
8 (B) The Lord All-Powerful
will destroy the power of death
and wipe away all tears.
No longer will his people
be insulted everywhere.
The Lord has spoken!
9 At that time, people will say,
“The Lord has saved us!
Let's celebrate.
We waited and hoped—
now our God is here.”
10 (C) The powerful arm of the Lord
will protect this mountain.
The Moabites will be put down
and trampled on like straw
in a pit of manure.
11 They will struggle to get out,
but God will humiliate them
no matter how hard they try.[o]
12 The walls of their fortresses
will be knocked down
and scattered in the dirt.
A Song of Victory
26 The time is coming when the people of Judah will sing this song:
“Our city[p] is protected.
The Lord is our fortress,
and he gives us victory.
2 Open the city gates
for a law-abiding nation
that is faithful to God.
3 The Lord gives perfect peace
to those whose faith is firm.
4 So always trust the Lord
because he is forever
our mighty rock.[q]
5 God has put down our enemies
in their mountain city[r]
and rubbed it in the dirt.
6 Now the poor and abused
trample all over that city.”
The Lord Can Be Trusted
7 Our Lord, you always do right,
and you make the path smooth
for those who obey you.
8 You are the one we trust
to bring about justice;
above all else we want
your name to be honored.
9 Throughout the night,
my heart searches for you,
because your decisions
show everyone on this earth
how to live right.
10 Even when the wicked
are treated with mercy
in this land of justice,
they do wrong and are blind
to your glory, our Lord.
11 (D) Your hand is raised and ready
to punish them,
but they don't see it.
Put them to shame!
Show how much you care for us
and throw them into the fire
intended for your enemies.
12 You will give us peace, Lord,
because everything we have done
was by your power.
13 Others have ruled over us
besides you, our Lord God,
but we obey only you.
14 Those enemies are now dead
and can never live again.
You have punished them—
they are destroyed,
completely forgotten.
15 Our nation has grown
because of you, our Lord.
We have more land than before,
and you are honored.
The Lord Gives Life to the Dead
16 When you punished our people,
they turned and prayed
to you, our Lord.[s]
17 Because of what you did to us,
we suffered like a woman
about to give birth.
18 But instead of having a child,
our terrible pain
produced only wind.
We have won no victories,
and we have no descendants
to take over the earth.
19 Your people will rise to life!
Tell them to leave their graves
and celebrate with shouts.
You refresh the earth
like morning dew;
you give life to the dead.
20 Go inside and lock the doors,
my people.
Hide there for a little while,
until the Lord
is no longer angry.
The Earth and the Sea Will Be Punished
21 The Lord will come out
to punish everyone on earth
for their sins.
And when he does,
those who did violent crimes
will be known and punished.
27 (E) On that day, Leviathan,[t]
the sea monster,
will squirm and try to escape,
but the Lord will kill him
with a cruel, sharp sword.
Protection and Forgiveness
The Lord said:
2 At that time you must sing
about a fruitful[u] vineyard.
3 I, the Lord, will protect it
and always keep it watered.
I will guard it day and night
to keep it from harm.
4 I am no longer angry.
But if it produces thorns,
I will go to war against it
and burn it to the ground.
5 Yet if the vineyard depends
on me for protection,
it will become my friend
and be at peace with me.
6 Someday Israel will take root
like a vine.
It will blossom and bear fruit
that covers the earth.
7 I, the Lord, didn't punish and kill
the people of Israel
as fiercely as I punished
and killed their enemies.
8 I carefully measured out
Israel's punishment[v]
and sent the scorching heat
to chase them far away.
9 There's only one way
that Israel's sin and guilt
can be completely forgiven:
They must crush the stones
of every pagan altar
and place of worship.
The Lord Will Bring His People Together
10 Fortress cities are left
like a desert
where no one lives.
Cattle walk through the ruins,
stripping the trees bare.
11 When broken branches
fall to the ground,
women pick them up
to feed the fire.
But these people are so stupid
that the God who created them
will show them no mercy.
12 The time is coming when the Lord will shake the land between the Euphrates River and the border of Egypt, and one by one he will bring all of his people together. 13 A loud trumpet will be heard. Then the people of Israel who were dragged away to Assyria and Egypt will return to worship the Lord on his holy mountain in Jerusalem.
Footnotes
- 23.1 Tyre: A fortress city built on an island in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of what is now Lebanon.
- 23.1 seagoing ships: See the note at 2.16.
- 23.1 Tyre … ruins: One possible meaning for the difficult Hebrew text.
- 23.2 Sidon: A coastal city just north of Tyre.
- 23.3 along the Nile: The Hebrew text has “grain of Shihor, the harvest of the Nile,” but Shihor is probably a name for a region near the lower part of the Nile.
- 23.4 children: One possible meaning for the difficult Hebrew text.
- 23.6 far across the ocean: The Hebrew text has “to Tarshish,” probably meaning a long distance.
- 23.10 People of Tyre: The Hebrew text has “the people of Tarshish,” which stands for the colonies of Tyre.
- 23.10 Egyptians: One possible meaning for the difficult Hebrew text of verse 10.
- 23.13 ruins: One possible meaning for the difficult Hebrew text of verse 13.
- 23.14 seagoing ships: See the note at 2.16.
- 24.4 its … to nothing: One possible meaning for the difficult Hebrew text.
- 24.16 God of justice: Or “people who do right.”
- 24.21 the powers in the heavens: In ancient times the stars were thought of as powerful spiritual beings, and sometimes they stood for pagan gods.
- 25.11 no matter … try: One possible meaning for the difficult Hebrew text.
- 26.1 city: Probably Jerusalem.
- 26.4 mighty rock: See the note at 17.10.
- 26.5 our enemies … city: One possible meaning for the difficult Hebrew text.
- 26.16 Lord: One possible meaning for the difficult Hebrew text of verse 16.
- 27.1 Leviathan: God's victory over this monster sometimes stands for God's power over all creation and sometimes for his defeat of his enemies, especially Egypt.
- 27.2 fruitful: Some Hebrew manuscripts have “lovely.”
- 27.8 I … punishment: One possible meaning for the difficult Hebrew text.
Isaiah 23-27
New International Version
A Prophecy Against Tyre
23 A prophecy against Tyre:(A)
Wail,(B) you ships(C) of Tarshish!(D)
For Tyre is destroyed(E)
and left without house or harbor.
From the land of Cyprus
word has come to them.
2 Be silent,(F) you people of the island
and you merchants(G) of Sidon,(H)
whom the seafarers have enriched.
3 On the great waters
came the grain of the Shihor;(I)
the harvest of the Nile[a](J) was the revenue of Tyre,(K)
and she became the marketplace of the nations.
4 Be ashamed, Sidon,(L) and you fortress of the sea,
for the sea has spoken:
“I have neither been in labor nor given birth;(M)
I have neither reared sons nor brought up daughters.”
5 When word comes to Egypt,
they will be in anguish(N) at the report from Tyre.(O)
6 Cross over to Tarshish;(P)
wail, you people of the island.
7 Is this your city of revelry,(Q)
the old, old city,
whose feet have taken her
to settle in far-off lands?
8 Who planned this against Tyre,
the bestower of crowns,
whose merchants(R) are princes,
whose traders(S) are renowned in the earth?
9 The Lord Almighty planned(T) it,
to bring down(U) her pride in all her splendor
and to humble(V) all who are renowned(W) on the earth.
10 Till[b] your land as they do along the Nile,
Daughter Tarshish,
for you no longer have a harbor.
11 The Lord has stretched out his hand(X) over the sea
and made its kingdoms tremble.(Y)
He has given an order concerning Phoenicia
that her fortresses be destroyed.(Z)
12 He said, “No more of your reveling,(AA)
Virgin Daughter(AB) Sidon, now crushed!
“Up, cross over to Cyprus;(AC)
even there you will find no rest.”
13 Look at the land of the Babylonians,[c](AD)
this people that is now of no account!
The Assyrians(AE) have made it
a place for desert creatures;(AF)
they raised up their siege towers,(AG)
they stripped its fortresses bare
and turned it into a ruin.(AH)
15 At that time Tyre(AL) will be forgotten for seventy years,(AM) the span of a king’s life. But at the end of these seventy years, it will happen to Tyre as in the song of the prostitute:
16 “Take up a harp, walk through the city,
you forgotten prostitute;(AN)
play the harp well, sing many a song,
so that you will be remembered.”
17 At the end of seventy years,(AO) the Lord will deal with Tyre. She will return to her lucrative prostitution(AP) and will ply her trade with all the kingdoms on the face of the earth.(AQ) 18 Yet her profit and her earnings will be set apart for the Lord;(AR) they will not be stored up or hoarded. Her profits will go to those who live before the Lord,(AS) for abundant food and fine clothes.(AT)
The Lord’s Devastation of the Earth
24 See, the Lord is going to lay waste the earth(AU)
and devastate(AV) it;
he will ruin its face
and scatter(AW) its inhabitants—
2 it will be the same
for priest as for people,(AX)
for the master as for his servant,
for the mistress as for her servant,
for seller as for buyer,(AY)
for borrower as for lender,
for debtor as for creditor.(AZ)
3 The earth will be completely laid waste(BA)
and totally plundered.(BB)
The Lord has spoken(BC) this word.
4 The earth dries up(BD) and withers,(BE)
the world languishes and withers,
the heavens(BF) languish with the earth.(BG)
5 The earth is defiled(BH) by its people;
they have disobeyed(BI) the laws,
violated the statutes
and broken the everlasting covenant.(BJ)
6 Therefore a curse(BK) consumes the earth;
its people must bear their guilt.
Therefore earth’s inhabitants are burned up,(BL)
and very few are left.
7 The new wine dries up(BM) and the vine withers;(BN)
all the merrymakers groan.(BO)
8 The joyful timbrels(BP) are stilled,
the noise(BQ) of the revelers(BR) has stopped,
the joyful harp(BS) is silent.(BT)
9 No longer do they drink wine(BU) with a song;
the beer is bitter(BV) to its drinkers.
10 The ruined city(BW) lies desolate;(BX)
the entrance to every house is barred.
11 In the streets they cry out(BY) for wine;(BZ)
all joy turns to gloom,(CA)
all joyful sounds are banished from the earth.
12 The city is left in ruins,(CB)
its gate(CC) is battered to pieces.
13 So will it be on the earth
and among the nations,
as when an olive tree is beaten,(CD)
or as when gleanings are left after the grape harvest.(CE)
14 They raise their voices, they shout for joy;(CF)
from the west(CG) they acclaim the Lord’s majesty.
15 Therefore in the east(CH) give glory(CI) to the Lord;
exalt(CJ) the name(CK) of the Lord, the God of Israel,
in the islands(CL) of the sea.
16 From the ends of the earth(CM) we hear singing:(CN)
“Glory(CO) to the Righteous One.”(CP)
But I said, “I waste away, I waste away!(CQ)
Woe(CR) to me!
The treacherous(CS) betray!
With treachery the treacherous betray!(CT)”
17 Terror(CU) and pit and snare(CV) await you,
people of the earth.(CW)
18 Whoever flees(CX) at the sound of terror
will fall into a pit;(CY)
whoever climbs out of the pit
will be caught in a snare.(CZ)
The floodgates of the heavens(DA) are opened,
the foundations of the earth shake.(DB)
19 The earth is broken up,(DC)
the earth is split asunder,(DD)
the earth is violently shaken.
20 The earth reels like a drunkard,(DE)
it sways like a hut(DF) in the wind;
so heavy upon it is the guilt of its rebellion(DG)
that it falls(DH)—never to rise again.(DI)
21 In that day(DJ) the Lord will punish(DK)
the powers(DL) in the heavens above
and the kings(DM) on the earth below.
22 They will be herded together
like prisoners(DN) bound in a dungeon;(DO)
they will be shut up in prison
and be punished[d] after many days.(DP)
23 The moon will be dismayed,
the sun(DQ) ashamed;
for the Lord Almighty will reign(DR)
on Mount Zion(DS) and in Jerusalem,
and before its elders—with great glory.(DT)
Praise to the Lord
25 Lord, you are my God;(DU)
I will exalt you and praise your name,(DV)
for in perfect faithfulness(DW)
you have done wonderful things,(DX)
things planned(DY) long ago.
2 You have made the city a heap of rubble,(DZ)
the fortified(EA) town a ruin,(EB)
the foreigners’ stronghold(EC) a city no more;
it will never be rebuilt.(ED)
3 Therefore strong peoples will honor you;(EE)
cities of ruthless(EF) nations will revere you.
4 You have been a refuge(EG) for the poor,(EH)
a refuge for the needy(EI) in their distress,
a shelter from the storm(EJ)
and a shade from the heat.
For the breath of the ruthless(EK)
is like a storm driving against a wall
5 and like the heat of the desert.
You silence(EL) the uproar of foreigners;(EM)
as heat is reduced by the shadow of a cloud,
so the song of the ruthless(EN) is stilled.
6 On this mountain(EO) the Lord Almighty will prepare
a feast(EP) of rich food for all peoples,
a banquet of aged wine—
the best of meats and the finest of wines.(EQ)
7 On this mountain he will destroy
the shroud(ER) that enfolds all peoples,(ES)
the sheet that covers all nations;
8 he will swallow up death(ET) forever.
The Sovereign Lord will wipe away the tears(EU)
from all faces;
he will remove his people’s disgrace(EV)
from all the earth.
The Lord has spoken.(EW)
9 In that day(EX) they will say,
“Surely this is our God;(EY)
we trusted(EZ) in him, and he saved(FA) us.
This is the Lord, we trusted in him;
let us rejoice(FB) and be glad in his salvation.”(FC)
10 The hand of the Lord will rest on this mountain;(FD)
but Moab(FE) will be trampled in their land
as straw is trampled down in the manure.
11 They will stretch out their hands in it,
as swimmers stretch out their hands to swim.
God will bring down(FF) their pride(FG)
despite the cleverness[e] of their hands.
12 He will bring down your high fortified walls(FH)
and lay them low;(FI)
he will bring them down to the ground,
to the very dust.
A Song of Praise
26 In that day(FJ) this song will be sung(FK) in the land of Judah:
We have a strong city;(FL)
God makes salvation
its walls(FM) and ramparts.(FN)
2 Open the gates(FO)
that the righteous(FP) nation may enter,
the nation that keeps faith.
3 You will keep in perfect peace(FQ)
those whose minds are steadfast,
because they trust(FR) in you.
4 Trust(FS) in the Lord forever,(FT)
for the Lord, the Lord himself, is the Rock(FU) eternal.
5 He humbles those who dwell on high,
he lays the lofty city low;
he levels it to the ground(FV)
and casts it down to the dust.(FW)
6 Feet trample(FX) it down—
the feet of the oppressed,(FY)
the footsteps of the poor.(FZ)
7 The path of the righteous is level;(GA)
you, the Upright One,(GB) make the way of the righteous smooth.(GC)
8 Yes, Lord, walking in the way of your laws,[f](GD)
we wait(GE) for you;
your name(GF) and renown
are the desire of our hearts.
9 My soul yearns for you in the night;(GG)
in the morning my spirit longs(GH) for you.
When your judgments(GI) come upon the earth,
the people of the world learn righteousness.(GJ)
10 But when grace is shown to the wicked,(GK)
they do not learn righteousness;
even in a land of uprightness they go on doing evil(GL)
and do not regard(GM) the majesty of the Lord.
11 Lord, your hand is lifted high,(GN)
but they do not see(GO) it.
Let them see your zeal(GP) for your people and be put to shame;(GQ)
let the fire(GR) reserved for your enemies consume them.
12 Lord, you establish peace(GS) for us;
all that we have accomplished you have done(GT) for us.
13 Lord our God, other lords(GU) besides you have ruled over us,
but your name(GV) alone do we honor.(GW)
14 They are now dead,(GX) they live no more;
their spirits(GY) do not rise.
You punished them and brought them to ruin;(GZ)
you wiped out all memory of them.(HA)
15 You have enlarged the nation, Lord;
you have enlarged the nation.(HB)
You have gained glory for yourself;
you have extended all the borders(HC) of the land.
16 Lord, they came to you in their distress;(HD)
when you disciplined(HE) them,
they could barely whisper(HF) a prayer.[g]
17 As a pregnant woman about to give birth(HG)
writhes and cries out in her pain,
so were we in your presence, Lord.
18 We were with child, we writhed in labor,
but we gave birth(HH) to wind.
We have not brought salvation(HI) to the earth,
and the people of the world have not come to life.(HJ)
19 But your dead(HK) will live, Lord;
their bodies will rise—
let those who dwell in the dust(HL)
wake up and shout for joy—
your dew(HM) is like the dew of the morning;
the earth will give birth to her dead.(HN)
20 Go, my people, enter your rooms
and shut the doors(HO) behind you;
hide(HP) yourselves for a little while
until his wrath(HQ) has passed by.(HR)
21 See, the Lord is coming(HS) out of his dwelling(HT)
to punish(HU) the people of the earth for their sins.
The earth will disclose the blood(HV) shed on it;
the earth will conceal its slain no longer.
Deliverance of Israel
27 In that day,(HW)
the Lord will punish with his sword(HX)—
his fierce, great and powerful sword—
Leviathan(HY) the gliding serpent,(HZ)
Leviathan the coiling serpent;
he will slay the monster(IA) of the sea.
2 In that day(IB)—
“Sing(IC) about a fruitful vineyard:(ID)
3 I, the Lord, watch over it;
I water(IE) it continually.
I guard(IF) it day and night
so that no one may harm(IG) it.
4 I am not angry.
If only there were briers and thorns confronting me!
I would march against them in battle;
I would set them all on fire.(IH)
5 Or else let them come to me for refuge;(II)
let them make peace(IJ) with me,
yes, let them make peace with me.”
6 In days to come Jacob will take root,(IK)
Israel will bud and blossom(IL)
and fill all the world with fruit.(IM)
7 Has the Lord struck her
as he struck(IN) down those who struck her?
Has she been killed
as those were killed who killed her?
8 By warfare[h] and exile(IO) you contend with her—
with his fierce blast he drives her out,
as on a day the east wind(IP) blows.
9 By this, then, will Jacob’s guilt be atoned(IQ) for,
and this will be the full fruit of the removal of his sin:(IR)
When he makes all the altar stones(IS)
to be like limestone crushed to pieces,
no Asherah poles[i](IT) or incense altars(IU)
will be left standing.
10 The fortified city stands desolate,(IV)
an abandoned settlement, forsaken(IW) like the wilderness;
there the calves graze,(IX)
there they lie down;(IY)
they strip its branches bare.
11 When its twigs are dry, they are broken off(IZ)
and women come and make fires(JA) with them.
For this is a people without understanding;(JB)
so their Maker has no compassion on them,
and their Creator(JC) shows them no favor.(JD)
12 In that day the Lord will thresh(JE) from the flowing Euphrates to the Wadi of Egypt,(JF) and you, Israel, will be gathered(JG) up one by one. 13 And in that day(JH) a great trumpet(JI) will sound. Those who were perishing in Assyria and those who were exiled(JJ) in Egypt(JK) will come and worship(JL) the Lord on the holy mountain(JM) in Jerusalem.
Footnotes
- Isaiah 23:3 Masoretic Text; Dead Sea Scrolls Sidon, / who cross over the sea; / your envoys 3 are on the great waters. / The grain of the Shihor, / the harvest of the Nile,
- Isaiah 23:10 Dead Sea Scrolls and some Septuagint manuscripts; Masoretic Text Go through
- Isaiah 23:13 Or Chaldeans
- Isaiah 24:22 Or released
- Isaiah 25:11 The meaning of the Hebrew for this word is uncertain.
- Isaiah 26:8 Or judgments
- Isaiah 26:16 The meaning of the Hebrew for this clause is uncertain.
- Isaiah 27:8 See Septuagint; the meaning of the Hebrew for this word is uncertain.
- Isaiah 27:9 That is, wooden symbols of the goddess Asherah
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