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Romans 1-3
Holman Christian Standard Bible

God’s Good News for Rome

1 Paul, a slave of Christ Jesus, called as an apostle[a](A) and singled out(B) for God’s good news(C)— 2 which He promised long ago(D) through His prophets(E) in the Holy Scriptures— 3 concerning His Son, Jesus Christ our Lord, who was a descendant of David[b](F) according to the flesh(G) 4 and who has been declared to be the powerful(H) Son of God(I) by the resurrection from the dead according to the Spirit of holiness.[c] 5 We have received grace and apostleship(J) through Him to bring about[d] the obedience(K) of faith[e] among all the nations,[f](L) on behalf of His name, 6 including yourselves who also belong to Jesus Christ by calling:(M)

7 To all who are in Rome, loved by God,(N) called(O) as saints.(P)

Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

Paul’s Desire to Visit Rome

8 First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for all of you because the news of your faith[g] is being reported in all the world.(Q) 9 For God, whom I serve with my spirit(R) in telling the good news about His Son, is my witness(S) that I constantly mention you,(T) 10 always asking in my prayers that if it is somehow in God’s will, I may now at last succeed in coming to you.(U) 11 For I want very much to see you,(V) so I may impart to you some spiritual gift to strengthen you, 12 that is, to be mutually encouraged by each other’s faith, both yours and mine.

13 Now I want you to know,[h](W) brothers, that I often planned to come to you (but was prevented until now(X)) in order that I might have a fruitful ministry[i] among you,(Y) just as among the rest of the Gentiles. 14 I am obligated both to Greeks and barbarians,[j](Z) both to the wise and the foolish. 15 So I am eager to preach the good news(AA) to you also who are in Rome.

The Righteous Will Live by Faith

16 For I am not ashamed of the gospel,[k](AB) because it is God’s power for salvation(AC) to everyone who believes, first to the Jew,(AD) and also to the Greek.(AE) 17 For in it God’s righteousness is revealed from faith to faith,[l](AF) just as it is written: The righteous will live by faith.[m](AG)[n]

The Guilt of the Gentile World

18 For God’s wrath(AH) is revealed from heaven against all godlessness and unrighteousness of people who by their unrighteousness suppress the truth,(AI) 19 since what can be known[o] about God is evident among them,(AJ) because God has shown it to them. 20 For His invisible attributes, that is, His eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly seen since the creation of the world,(AK) being understood through what He has made.(AL) As a result, people are without excuse. 21 For though they knew God, they did not glorify Him as God or show gratitude. Instead, their thinking became nonsense, and their senseless minds were darkened.(AM) 22 Claiming to be wise, they became fools(AN) 23 and exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images resembling mortal man, birds, four-footed animals, and reptiles.(AO)

24 Therefore God delivered them over in the cravings of their hearts(AP) to sexual impurity, so that their bodies were degraded among themselves. 25 They exchanged the truth of God for a lie,(AQ) and worshiped and served something created instead of the Creator, who is praised forever.(AR) Amen.

From Idolatry to Depravity

26 This is why God delivered them over to degrading passions.(AS) For even their females exchanged natural sexual relations[p] for unnatural ones. 27 The males in the same way also left natural relations[q] with females and were inflamed in their lust for one another. Males committed shameless acts with males(AT) and received in their own persons[r] the appropriate penalty of their error.

28 And because they did not think it worthwhile to acknowledge God, God delivered them over to a worthless mind to do what is morally wrong. 29 They are filled with all unrighteousness,[s] evil, greed, and wickedness. They are full of envy, murder, quarrels, deceit, and malice. They are gossips,(AU) 30 slanderers, God-haters, arrogant, proud, boastful,(AV) inventors of evil, disobedient to parents,(AW) 31 undiscerning, untrustworthy, unloving,[t](AX) and unmerciful. 32 Although they know full well God’s just sentence—that those who practice such things deserve to die[u](AY)—they not only do them, but even applaud[v](AZ) others who practice them.

God’s Righteous Judgment

2 Therefore, any one of you[w](BA) who judges is without excuse.(BB) For when you judge another,(BC) you condemn yourself, since you, the judge, do the same things. 2 We know that God’s judgment on those who do such things is based on the truth. 3 Do you really think—anyone of you who judges those who do such things yet do the same—that you will escape God’s judgment? 4 Or do you despise the riches of His kindness,(BD) restraint,(BE) and patience,(BF) not recognizing[x] that God’s kindness(BG) is intended to lead you to repentance? 5 But because of your hardness and unrepentant heart you are storing up wrath(BH) for yourself in the day of wrath,(BI) when God’s righteous judgment is revealed. 6 He will repay each one according to his works:(BJ)[y] 7 eternal life(BK) to those who by persistence in doing good(BL) seek glory, honor,(BM) and immortality;(BN) 8 but wrath and indignation to those who are self-seeking(BO) and disobey the truth(BP) but are obeying unrighteousness; 9 affliction and distress(BQ) for every human being who does evil, first to the Jew, and also to the Greek;(BR) 10 but glory, honor, and peace for everyone who does what is good, first to the Jew, and also to the Greek. 11 There is no favoritism with God.(BS)

12 All those who sinned without the law(BT) will also perish without the law, and all those who sinned under the law will be judged by the law. 13 For the hearers of the law(BU) are not righteous before God, but the doers of the law will be declared righteous.[z] 14 So, when Gentiles, who do not have the law, instinctively(BV) do what the law demands, they are a law to themselves even though they do not have the law. 15 They show that the work of the law[aa] is written on their hearts.(BW) Their consciences confirm this. Their competing thoughts will either accuse or excuse them[ab] 16 on the day when God judges(BX) what people have kept secret, according to my gospel through Christ Jesus.(BY)

Jewish Violation of the Law

17 Now if[ac] you call yourself a Jew, and rest in the law,(BZ) boast in God, 18 know His will, and approve the things that are superior,(CA) being instructed from the law, 19 and if you are convinced that you are a guide for the blind, a light to those in darkness, 20 an instructor of the ignorant, a teacher of the immature, having the full expression[ad] of knowledge and truth(CB) in the law— 21 you then, who teach another,(CC) don’t you teach yourself? You who preach, “You must not steal”—do you steal? 22 You who say, “You must not commit adultery”—do you commit adultery? You who detest idols, do you rob their temples?(CD) 23 You who boast in the law,(CE) do you dishonor God by breaking the law? 24 For, as it is written: The name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles because of you.(CF)[ae]

Circumcision of the Heart

25 For circumcision benefits you if you observe the law, but if you are a lawbreaker, your circumcision has become uncircumcision.(CG) 26 Therefore if an uncircumcised(CH) man keeps the law’s requirements,(CI) will his uncircumcision not be counted as circumcision? 27 A man who is physically uncircumcised, but who fulfills the law, will judge you(CJ) who are a lawbreaker in spite of having the letter of the law and circumcision. 28 For a person is not a Jew who is one outwardly,(CK) and true circumcision is not something visible in the flesh. 29 On the contrary, a person is a Jew who is one inwardly,(CL) and circumcision is of the heart—by the Spirit, not the letter.[af](CM) That man’s praise[ag] is not from men but from God.(CN)

Paul Answers an Objection

3 So what advantage does the Jew have? Or what is the benefit of circumcision? 2 Considerable in every way. First, they were entrusted(CO) with the spoken words of God.(CP) 3 What then? If some did not believe,(CQ) will their unbelief cancel God’s faithfulness? 4 Absolutely not!(CR) God must be true, even if everyone is a liar,(CS) as it is written:

That You may be justified in Your words
and triumph when You judge.(CT)[ah]

5 But if our unrighteousness highlights[ai] God’s righteousness,(CU) what are we to say?(CV) I use a human argument:[aj](CW) Is God unrighteous to inflict wrath? 6 Absolutely not! Otherwise, how will God judge the world?(CX) 7 But if by my lie God’s truth is amplified to His glory, why am I also still judged as a sinner?(CY) 8 And why not say, just as some people slanderously claim we say, “Let us do what is evil so that good may come”?(CZ) Their condemnation is deserved!

The Whole World Guilty before God

9 What then? Are we any better?[ak] Not at all! For we have previously charged that both Jews(DA) and Gentiles[al](DB) are all under sin,[am](DC) 10 as it is written:[an]

There is no one righteous, not even one.
11 There is no one who understands;
there is no one who seeks God.
12 All have turned away;
all alike have become useless.
There is no one who does what is good,
not even one.(DD)[ao]
13 Their throat is an open grave;
they deceive with their tongues.(DE)[ap]
Vipers’ venom is under their lips.(DF)[aq]
14 Their mouth is full of cursing and bitterness.(DG)[ar]
15 Their feet are swift to shed blood;
16 ruin and wretchedness are in their paths,
17 and the path of peace they have not known.(DH)[as]
18 There is no fear of God before their eyes.(DI)[at]

19 Now we know that whatever the law says(DJ) speaks to those who are subject to the law,[au](DK) so that every mouth may be shut and the whole world may become subject to God’s judgment.[av](DL) 20 For no one will be justified[aw] in His sight by the works of the law,(DM) because the knowledge of sin comes through the law.(DN)

God’s Righteousness through Faith

21 But now, apart from the law, God’s righteousness has been revealed(DO)—attested by the Law and the Prophets[ax](DP) 22 —that is, God’s righteousness through faith(DQ) in Jesus Christ,[ay](DR) to all who believe,(DS) since there is no distinction.(DT) 23 For all have sinned(DU) and fall short of the[az] glory of God. 24 They are justified freely by His grace(DV) through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus.(DW) 25 God presented Him as a propitiation[ba](DX) through faith in His blood,(DY) to demonstrate His righteousness, because in His restraint God(DZ) passed over the sins previously committed.(EA) 26 God presented Him to demonstrate His righteousness at the present time, so that He would be righteous and declare righteous[bb] the one who has faith in Jesus.

Boasting Excluded

27 Where then is boasting?(EB) It is excluded. By what kind of law?[bc](EC) By one of works? No, on the contrary, by a law[bd] of faith. 28 For we conclude that a man is justified by faith apart from the works of the law.(ED) 29 Or is God for Jews only?(EE) Is He not also for Gentiles? Yes, for Gentiles too, 30 since there is one God(EF) who will justify the circumcised by faith(EG) and the uncircumcised through faith. 31 Do we then cancel the law through faith? Absolutely not!(EH) On the contrary, we uphold the law.(EI)

Footnotes

  1. Romans 1:1 Or Jesus, a called apostle
  2. Romans 1:3 Lit was of the seed of David
  3. Romans 1:4 Or the spirit of holiness, or the Holy Spirit
  4. Romans 1:5 Or Him for; lit Him into
  5. Romans 1:5 Or the obedience that is faith, or the faithful obedience, or the obedience that comes from faith; Rm 16:26
  6. Romans 1:5 Or Gentiles
  7. Romans 1:8 Or because your faith
  8. Romans 1:13 Lit I don’t want you to be unaware
  9. Romans 1:13 Lit have some fruit
  10. Romans 1:14 Or non-Greeks
  11. Romans 1:16 Other mss add of Christ
  12. Romans 1:17 Or revealed out of faith into faith
  13. Romans 1:17 Or The one who is righteous by faith will live
  14. Romans 1:17 Hab 2:4
  15. Romans 1:19 Or what is known
  16. Romans 1:26 Lit natural use
  17. Romans 1:27 Lit natural use
  18. Romans 1:27 Or in themselves
  19. Romans 1:29 Other mss add sexual immorality
  20. Romans 1:31 Other mss add unforgiving
  21. Romans 1:32 Lit things are worthy of death
  22. Romans 1:32 Lit even take pleasure in
  23. Romans 2:1 Lit Therefore, O man, every one
  24. Romans 2:4 Or patience, because you do not recognize
  25. Romans 2:6 Ps 62:12; Pr 24:12
  26. Romans 2:13 Or will be justified or acquitted
  27. Romans 2:15 The code of conduct required by the law
  28. Romans 2:15 Internal debate, either in a person or among the pagan moralists
  29. Romans 2:17 Other mss read Look—
  30. Romans 2:20 Or the embodiment
  31. Romans 2:24 Is 52:5
  32. Romans 2:29 Or heart—spiritually, not literally
  33. Romans 2:29 In Hb, the words Jew, Judah, and praise are related.
  34. Romans 3:4 Ps 51:4
  35. Romans 3:5 Or shows, or demonstrates
  36. Romans 3:5 Lit I speak as a man
  37. Romans 3:9 Are we Jews any better than the Gentiles?
  38. Romans 3:9 Lit Greeks
  39. Romans 3:9 Under sin’s power or dominion
  40. Romans 3:10 Paul constructs this charge from a chain of OT quotations, mainly from the Psalms.
  41. Romans 3:12 Ps 14:1-3; 53:1-3; Ec 7:20
  42. Romans 3:13 Ps 5:9
  43. Romans 3:13 Ps 140:3
  44. Romans 3:14 Ps 10:7
  45. Romans 3:17 Is 59:7-8
  46. Romans 3:18 Ps 36:1
  47. Romans 3:19 Lit those in the law
  48. Romans 3:19 Or become guilty before God, or may be accountable to God
  49. Romans 3:20 Or will be declared righteous, or will be acquitted
  50. Romans 3:21 When capitalized, the Law and the Prophets = OT
  51. Romans 3:22 Or through the faithfulness of Jesus Christ
  52. Romans 3:23 Or and lack the
  53. Romans 3:25 Or as a propitiatory sacrifice, or as an offering of atonement, or as a mercy seat; 2Co 5:21; Heb 9:5
  54. Romans 3:26 Or and justify, or and acquit
  55. Romans 3:27 Or what principle?
  56. Romans 3:27 Or a principle
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Romans 1-3
New International Version

1 Paul, a servant of Christ Jesus, called to be an apostle(A) and set apart(B) for the gospel of God(C)— 2 the gospel he promised beforehand(D) through his prophets(E) in the Holy Scriptures(F) 3 regarding his Son, who as to his earthly life[a](G) was a descendant of David,(H) 4 and who through the Spirit of holiness was appointed the Son of God in power[b](I) by his resurrection from the dead:(J) Jesus Christ our Lord.(K) 5 Through him we received grace(L) and apostleship to call all the Gentiles(M) to the obedience that comes from[c] faith(N) for his name’s sake. 6 And you also are among those Gentiles who are called to belong to Jesus Christ.(O)

7 To all in Rome who are loved by God(P) and called to be his holy people:(Q)

Grace and peace to you from God our Father and from the Lord Jesus Christ.(R)

Paul’s Longing to Visit Rome

8 First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for all of you,(S) because your faith is being reported all over the world.(T) 9 God, whom I serve(U) in my spirit in preaching the gospel of his Son, is my witness(V) how constantly I remember you 10 in my prayers at all times;(W) and I pray that now at last by God’s will(X) the way may be opened for me to come to you.(Y)

11 I long to see you(Z) so that I may impart to you some spiritual gift(AA) to make you strong— 12 that is, that you and I may be mutually encouraged by each other’s faith. 13 I do not want you to be unaware,(AB) brothers and sisters,[d](AC) that I planned many times to come to you (but have been prevented from doing so until now)(AD) in order that I might have a harvest among you, just as I have had among the other Gentiles.

14 I am obligated(AE) both to Greeks and non-Greeks, both to the wise and the foolish. 15 That is why I am so eager to preach the gospel also to you who are in Rome.(AF)

16 For I am not ashamed of the gospel,(AG) because it is the power of God(AH) that brings salvation to everyone who believes:(AI) first to the Jew,(AJ) then to the Gentile.(AK) 17 For in the gospel the righteousness of God is revealed(AL)—a righteousness that is by faith(AM) from first to last,[e] just as it is written: “The righteous will live by faith.”[f](AN)

God’s Wrath Against Sinful Humanity

18 The wrath of God(AO) is being revealed from heaven against all the godlessness and wickedness of people, who suppress the truth by their wickedness, 19 since what may be known about God is plain to them, because God has made it plain to them.(AP) 20 For since the creation of the world God’s invisible qualities—his eternal power and divine nature—have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made,(AQ) so that people are without excuse.(AR)

21 For although they knew God, they neither glorified him as God nor gave thanks to him, but their thinking became futile and their foolish hearts were darkened.(AS) 22 Although they claimed to be wise, they became fools(AT) 23 and exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images(AU) made to look like a mortal human being and birds and animals and reptiles.

24 Therefore God gave them over(AV) in the sinful desires of their hearts to sexual impurity for the degrading of their bodies with one another.(AW) 25 They exchanged the truth about God for a lie,(AX) and worshiped and served created things(AY) rather than the Creator—who is forever praised.(AZ) Amen.(BA)

26 Because of this, God gave them over(BB) to shameful lusts.(BC) Even their women exchanged natural sexual relations for unnatural ones.(BD) 27 In the same way the men also abandoned natural relations with women and were inflamed with lust for one another. Men committed shameful acts with other men, and received in themselves the due penalty for their error.(BE)

28 Furthermore, just as they did not think it worthwhile to retain the knowledge of God, so God gave them over(BF) to a depraved mind, so that they do what ought not to be done. 29 They have become filled with every kind of wickedness, evil, greed and depravity. They are full of envy, murder, strife, deceit and malice. They are gossips,(BG) 30 slanderers, God-haters, insolent, arrogant and boastful; they invent ways of doing evil; they disobey their parents;(BH) 31 they have no understanding, no fidelity, no love,(BI) no mercy. 32 Although they know God’s righteous decree that those who do such things deserve death,(BJ) they not only continue to do these very things but also approve(BK) of those who practice them.

God’s Righteous Judgment

2 You, therefore, have no excuse,(BL) you who pass judgment on someone else, for at whatever point you judge another, you are condemning yourself, because you who pass judgment do the same things.(BM) 2 Now we know that God’s judgment against those who do such things is based on truth. 3 So when you, a mere human being, pass judgment on them and yet do the same things, do you think you will escape God’s judgment? 4 Or do you show contempt for the riches(BN) of his kindness,(BO) forbearance(BP) and patience,(BQ) not realizing that God’s kindness is intended to lead you to repentance?(BR)

5 But because of your stubbornness and your unrepentant heart, you are storing up wrath against yourself for the day of God’s wrath(BS), when his righteous judgment(BT) will be revealed. 6 God “will repay each person according to what they have done.”[g](BU) 7 To those who by persistence in doing good seek glory, honor(BV) and immortality,(BW) he will give eternal life.(BX) 8 But for those who are self-seeking and who reject the truth and follow evil,(BY) there will be wrath and anger.(BZ) 9 There will be trouble and distress for every human being who does evil:(CA) first for the Jew, then for the Gentile;(CB) 10 but glory, honor and peace for everyone who does good: first for the Jew, then for the Gentile.(CC) 11 For God does not show favoritism.(CD)

12 All who sin apart from the law will also perish apart from the law, and all who sin under the law(CE) will be judged by the law. 13 For it is not those who hear the law who are righteous in God’s sight, but it is those who obey(CF) the law who will be declared righteous. 14 (Indeed, when Gentiles, who do not have the law, do by nature things required by the law,(CG) they are a law for themselves, even though they do not have the law. 15 They show that the requirements of the law are written on their hearts, their consciences also bearing witness, and their thoughts sometimes accusing them and at other times even defending them.) 16 This will take place on the day when God judges people’s secrets(CH) through Jesus Christ,(CI) as my gospel(CJ) declares.

The Jews and the Law

17 Now you, if you call yourself a Jew; if you rely on the law and boast in God;(CK) 18 if you know his will and approve of what is superior because you are instructed by the law; 19 if you are convinced that you are a guide for the blind, a light for those who are in the dark, 20 an instructor of the foolish, a teacher of little children, because you have in the law the embodiment of knowledge and truth— 21 you, then, who teach others, do you not teach yourself? You who preach against stealing, do you steal?(CL) 22 You who say that people should not commit adultery, do you commit adultery? You who abhor idols, do you rob temples?(CM) 23 You who boast in the law,(CN) do you dishonor God by breaking the law? 24 As it is written: “God’s name is blasphemed among the Gentiles because of you.”[h](CO)

25 Circumcision has value if you observe the law,(CP) but if you break the law, you have become as though you had not been circumcised.(CQ) 26 So then, if those who are not circumcised keep the law’s requirements,(CR) will they not be regarded as though they were circumcised?(CS) 27 The one who is not circumcised physically and yet obeys the law will condemn you(CT) who, even though you have the[i] written code and circumcision, are a lawbreaker.

28 A person is not a Jew who is one only outwardly,(CU) nor is circumcision merely outward and physical.(CV) 29 No, a person is a Jew who is one inwardly; and circumcision is circumcision of the heart,(CW) by the Spirit,(CX) not by the written code.(CY) Such a person’s praise is not from other people, but from God.(CZ)

God’s Faithfulness

3 What advantage, then, is there in being a Jew, or what value is there in circumcision? 2 Much in every way!(DA) First of all, the Jews have been entrusted with the very words of God.(DB)

3 What if some were unfaithful?(DC) Will their unfaithfulness nullify God’s faithfulness?(DD) 4 Not at all! Let God be true,(DE) and every human being a liar.(DF) As it is written:

“So that you may be proved right when you speak
    and prevail when you judge.”[j](DG)

5 But if our unrighteousness brings out God’s righteousness more clearly,(DH) what shall we say? That God is unjust in bringing his wrath on us? (I am using a human argument.)(DI) 6 Certainly not! If that were so, how could God judge the world?(DJ) 7 Someone might argue, “If my falsehood enhances God’s truthfulness and so increases his glory,(DK) why am I still condemned as a sinner?”(DL) 8 Why not say—as some slanderously claim that we say—“Let us do evil that good may result”?(DM) Their condemnation is just!

No One Is Righteous

9 What shall we conclude then? Do we have any advantage?(DN) Not at all! For we have already made the charge that Jews and Gentiles alike are all under the power of sin.(DO) 10 As it is written:

“There is no one righteous, not even one;
11     there is no one who understands;
    there is no one who seeks God.
12 All have turned away,
    they have together become worthless;
there is no one who does good,
    not even one.”[k](DP)
13 “Their throats are open graves;
    their tongues practice deceit.”[l](DQ)
“The poison of vipers is on their lips.”[m](DR)
14     “Their mouths are full of cursing and bitterness.”[n](DS)
15 “Their feet are swift to shed blood;
16     ruin and misery mark their ways,
17 and the way of peace they do not know.”[o](DT)
18     “There is no fear of God before their eyes.”[p](DU)

19 Now we know that whatever the law says,(DV) it says to those who are under the law,(DW) so that every mouth may be silenced(DX) and the whole world held accountable to God.(DY) 20 Therefore no one will be declared righteous in God’s sight by the works of the law;(DZ) rather, through the law we become conscious of our sin.(EA)

Righteousness Through Faith

21 But now apart from the law the righteousness of God(EB) has been made known, to which the Law and the Prophets testify.(EC) 22 This righteousness(ED) is given through faith(EE) in[q] Jesus Christ(EF) to all who believe.(EG) There is no difference between Jew and Gentile,(EH) 23 for all have sinned(EI) and fall short of the glory of God, 24 and all are justified(EJ) freely by his grace(EK) through the redemption(EL) that came by Christ Jesus. 25 God presented Christ as a sacrifice of atonement,[r](EM) through the shedding of his blood(EN)—to be received by faith. He did this to demonstrate his righteousness, because in his forbearance he had left the sins committed beforehand unpunished(EO)— 26 he did it to demonstrate his righteousness at the present time, so as to be just and the one who justifies those who have faith in Jesus.

27 Where, then, is boasting?(EP) It is excluded. Because of what law? The law that requires works? No, because of the law that requires faith. 28 For we maintain that a person is justified by faith apart from the works of the law.(EQ) 29 Or is God the God of Jews only? Is he not the God of Gentiles too? Yes, of Gentiles too,(ER) 30 since there is only one God, who will justify the circumcised by faith and the uncircumcised through that same faith.(ES) 31 Do we, then, nullify the law by this faith? Not at all! Rather, we uphold the law.

Footnotes

  1. Romans 1:3 Or who according to the flesh
  2. Romans 1:4 Or was declared with power to be the Son of God
  3. Romans 1:5 Or that is
  4. Romans 1:13 The Greek word for brothers and sisters (adelphoi) refers here to believers, both men and women, as part of God’s family; also in 7:1, 4; 8:12, 29; 10:1; 11:25; 12:1; 15:14, 30; 16:14, 17.
  5. Romans 1:17 Or is from faith to faith
  6. Romans 1:17 Hab. 2:4
  7. Romans 2:6 Psalm 62:12; Prov. 24:12
  8. Romans 2:24 Isaiah 52:5 (see Septuagint); Ezek. 36:20,22
  9. Romans 2:27 Or who, by means of a
  10. Romans 3:4 Psalm 51:4
  11. Romans 3:12 Psalms 14:1-3; 53:1-3; Eccles. 7:20
  12. Romans 3:13 Psalm 5:9
  13. Romans 3:13 Psalm 140:3
  14. Romans 3:14 Psalm 10:7 (see Septuagint)
  15. Romans 3:17 Isaiah 59:7,8
  16. Romans 3:18 Psalm 36:1
  17. Romans 3:22 Or through the faithfulness of
  18. Romans 3:25 The Greek for sacrifice of atonement refers to the atonement cover on the ark of the covenant (see Lev. 16:15,16).
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