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I saw that the ram was butting westward, northward, and southward. No animal[a] was able to stand before it, and there was none who could deliver from its power.[b] It did as it pleased and acted arrogantly.[c]

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Footnotes

  1. Daniel 8:4 tn Or “beast” (NAB).
  2. Daniel 8:4 tn Heb “hand,” as also in v. 7.
  3. Daniel 8:4 tn In the Hiphil the Hebrew verb גָּדַל (gadal, “to make great; to magnify”) can have either a positive or a negative sense. For the former, used especially of God, see Ps 126:2, 3 and Joel 2:21. In this chapter (8:4, 8, 11, 25) the word has a pejorative sense, describing the self-glorification of this king. The sense seems to be that of vainly assuming one’s own superiority through deliberate hubris.